Risk assessment of wetland under aluminium and iron toxicities: A review

Abstract

The chemical composition of aquatic habitat, environmental conditions and trend monitoring could reflect changes in species composition over time. Vegetation plays an important role in decontamination and waste treatment water inlet and received by wetlands. They provide carbon substrate for microbes which are important in processing wastewater contaminants. Metabolism in plants, however, requires micronutrients such as Aluminium (Al) and Iron (Fe). Al is toxic to many plants at concentrations greater than 2–3 pap at soil pH < 5.5. Al interferes with cell divisions in root tips and lateral roots, increases cell wall rigidity, maintains proper cellular redox state and various other biochemical, physiological and growth responses. Excess concentration of reducible Fe on acidic soils poses constraint primarily on wetland plants. The authors evaluate aspects of Al and Fe in anoxic biochemical processes, Al and Fe uptake, transport and distribution in wetland ecosystem. The review objective is to focus on wetland monitoring, as it was discovered that wetland ecosystems are at risk of degradation unless properly managed. A poor understanding of the value of wetlands will continue to encourage resource overuse and degradation, thus escalating threats to development through the environmental risk associated with remobilization of metal contaminants and the recycling to the food chain. Protection and restoration of aquatic ecosystems and their services in the face of pressures from land-use change, urbanization, and global warming which affects climate change, rising sea level, coastal erosion and lowland flooding are important.