Land degradation associated with illegal sand mining in rural areas and lack of formalization of the industry in South Africa: A review

Abstract

Sand mining has gained popularity in rural South African communities, as a result of the growing need for building materials in the surrounding villages and as a source of income for rural communities. Consequently, sand is a vital natural resource for every civilization in the world. Despite the growing dependence of rural communities on sand, communities involved in this industry will face significant obstacles if it is not regulated. The link between environmental concerns and sand mining in South Africa has remained a contentious issue and an under-researched field, despite the existence of literature indicating an increase in environmental awareness among some mining operations. Therefore, the review paper seeks to give a detailed review of t degradation of land due to illegal sand mining in South Africa’s rural areas, as well as a lack of formalization in the industry, contribute to land degradation. The development of a passive regulatory agenda for sand mining makes enforcement tough and complex. The absence of defined criteria for dealing with sand mining operations and the inability of regulatory bodies result in unscrupulous sand mining and environmental destruction. It is advised that local governments enact rules to maintain the biological beauty of their towns, even though there are now no regulations in existence. The communities in the area of the extraction sites should undergo environmental awareness training, and there should be a clear check on the regulatory bodies in order to discourage unlawful sand mining. Consequently, there is a need to regulate sand mining in both national and international rivers, and it should only be permitted after a comprehensive scientific investigation demonstrates that there will be no negative environmental impact. Greater consideration of alternatives and utilization of resources more sustainably could significantly reduce environmental impact.