The influence of different winemaking techniques on the extraction of grape tannins and anthocyanins

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different maceration techniques on the extractionof grape tannins and anthocyanins. Two cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz) were harvested intwo different climatic regions (Durbanville and Simondium) at two different ripeness levels for the 2008and 2009 harvest seasons. Five basic winemaking processes were applied, namely a normal alcoholicfermentation (C), enzyme treatment (E), cold soaking (CM), post-maceration (PM), and a combinationof cold and post-maceration (CM+PM). At harvest the phenolic ripeness was determined with the Gloriesmethod, while the tannin concentration was determined with the methyl cellulose (MCP) method. Thegrapes in the warmer area had higher tannin levels than grapes harvested in the cooler area in both years.In the 2009 harvest season, the enzyme treatment extracted the highest levels of tannin. CM+PM showedthe best results of tannin extraction with early ripeness (Cabernet Sauvignon), and CM with fuller ripenessin the warm area. CM showed the best results with both early and fuller ripeness levels in the cooler area.PM showed the best results with the early ripeness levels, and the E treatment with the fuller ripenesslevels, in the warm area. CM+PM showed the best results with the early ripeness level in the cooler area,and varied results with the fuller ripeness levels. In both years, grapes from the cooler area containedmore anthocyanin than those from the warmer area. At a fuller ripeness level (2009) the treatments hadno effect.